_{Photo by Jen Theodore}

The American Civil War was a brutal conflict that lasted from 1861 to 1865. Despite almost two centuries since, it still remains a defining chapter in American history.

The character of the war was manifold, having been fought over deeply entrenched social, economic, and political differences. Yet, the central fulcrum of the conflict was that of slavery’s existence.

Understanding why this war happened and remembering its lasting impact is crucial to comprehend how the United States has evolved since then.

Why the Civil War was Fought

From the very beginning, the issue of slavery cast a very long and dark shadow over the young American republic.

With its burgeoning industrial base, the North favored free labor and slowly abandoned slavery. This economic growth was a significant factor in the war. On the other hand, the South was heavily reliant on slave labor to maintain its agricultural economy, particularly cotton production.

This fundamental difference created a constant tension between the two regions.

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Defining We The People: A Great Divide

The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 significantly increased the South’s dependence on slave labor. Cotton became a major cash crop, fueling the Southern economy and creating a powerful planter class with a vested interest in preserving slavery. Southerners increasingly viewed slavery as not just an economic necessity but also a way of life, a social order they believed was essential to their identity.

Meanwhile, the North witnessed a growing abolitionist movement. Moral and religious objections to slavery fueled this movement, which gained momentum in the decades leading up to the Civil War. Figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Tubman, with their unwavering commitment to the cause, became prominent voices, advocating for the immediate and uncompensated abolition of slavery.

Another critical factor was the issue of states’ rights. Southern states fiercely defended their right to govern themselves and determine their laws, including those related to slavery. They abhorred federal intervention and believed a strong central government would threaten their very way of life.

The election of Abraham Lincoln, an individual with a solid anti-slavery stance, in 1860 proved to be the tipping point. Southern states saw his victory as the straw on the camel’s back.

Defining We The People: The Cause of Freedom

Afraid that federal intervention was underway to abolish the institution of slavery eventually, seven states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.

This was a new nation dedicated to the preservation of their rights and of the right to slavery in particular.

The remaining northern states rallied behind Lincoln and the preservation of the Union. The stage was set for a brutal civil war. The Confederacy, led by Jefferson Davis, fought for independence and the right to maintain slavery. The Union, under Lincoln, aimed to preserve the nation and ultimately end slavery.

The war dragged on for four bloody years, claiming over half a million lives. Yet, the North’s superior industrial and manpower eventually prevailed. Key turning points included:

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• The Union victory at Gettysburg in 1863 and the capture of Atlanta in 1864.
• General Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865 marked the official end of the Confederacy.

The Shadow of the Civil War

The Civil War remains a crucial chapter in American history, a time of profound national division and struggle. It continues to resonate today, prompting us to grapple with race, federalism, and the very definition of American citizenship.

The American Civil War was a dark chapter in the nation’s history, a period of immense human cost and societal upheaval.

Yet, it also catalyzed change. It exposed the inherent flaws of a country built on slavery and ultimately led to its demise. As we continue to wrestle with our dark past, it is crucial to understand the causes and consequences of the Civil War, which remains essential.

The fight for racial equality, first ignited during the Civil War era, continues to shape the nation’s ongoing struggle for a perfect union.

Historical fiction is a very important tool for learning more about history and to help modern readers situate themselves in the context of what has passed. If you want to immerse yourself in this period of American history, The Bone Pile Series by Sharon Traner is a wonderful start.